Empiric Antibiotics for HAP VAP: When and How to Cover MRSA, Pseudomonas, and MDR Pathogens VAP #HAP #pneumonia The diagnosis of VAP is difficult as clinical signs suggestive of pneumonia, such as fever, tachycardia, and leukocytosis, are nonspecific in critically ill patients. Moreover, particularly in A 58 year old male presents to the ER with a 4 day history of high fever, a dry hacking cough, and severe shortness of breath. He also complains of profuse watery diarrhea and confusion. Antimicrobial Resistance in Ventilator Associated Pneumonia: Predictive Microbiology and Evidence Based Therapy Infectious Diseases and Therapy Springer Nature Link IDSA HAP VAP Guidelines Update 03032017 Diagnosis, management and treatment of nosocomial pneumonia in ICU Serene